Port numbers and their ranges

The port numbers are basically divided into three ranges: the Well Known Ports,the Registered Ports, and the Dynamic
or Private Ports.

From 0 to 1023 are the well known ports.

From 1024 to 49151 are the registered ports.

from 49152 to 65535 are the dynamic or private ports.

Fixing windows error: USB not recognized

It can be a common problem friends that all a sudden all your USB ports will stop working , or your windows will irritatingly starts prompting  "USB not recognized" but for the error there is nothing to be worried , use the following steps and get a rid from this:

 

 

 

 

Go to device manager.

click on USB controllers , you will see a list of USb hub ports, click on each of them and unistall them one by one .

When you are finished uninstalling all your Usb ports just power off your pc and restart it after a period of 20 minutes.

When motherboard will boot it will install all the usb drivers again and you will find that all your usb ports will start working fine.

NOTE: In case of a laptop after unistalling all the usb ports shut down the laptop, remove its battery and then put it back after a period of 10 - 20 min.

How to create a ad-hoc network?

Many times we need to connect two or more computers may be for gaming purposes or public data transfers for that we need a adhoc network i.e. the computer to computer network.

For creating a ad-hoc network simply follow the steps below:

1 Open network and sharing center in you computer.

2.click on set up a new connection or network.


4. now choose set up a wireless ad hoc network.

5. give a name to your network, and password if you want.

6. your ad-hoc is ready , and starts waiting for other users to connect.

How to integrate google + to your wordpress site

You all are aware of google+ and might be seeing too a +1 button on many of the links.

If you’re not already using the Google +1 button, consider taking a moment to add it to your site. This is a great way to let users save, promote and find their favorite content. The +1 button only takes a few minutes to integrate with your site and works with any Google profile. While this isn’t a Google+ specific feature, we wouldn’t be at all surprised to see it integrated with the service. Either way, it’s another great way of adding an additional avenue for promotion and sharing.

You can learn more about the +1 button from Google.

To add it to your WordPress site, you can  use the official +1 button code generator .

Was That Me - doubt yourself!!!

was that me??

 

an exclamation when i realised me

 

i blamed life throughout , begging for its every bit..

 

i just endorsed it to make me a batton

 

in that gloomy path.

 

 

The bright lights of dark night,

 

the cruel laugh of that sparkling mirage,

 

they just made me a part of that squall.

 

 

I was just caught to be betrayed

 

with no option to aback from that spume.

 

 

The attraction of that illusion...

 

dissapeared me in its flame..

 

with two opposite dooms ( grim fate or ruin).

 

 

Battle was lost, but i won it

 

in your heart..

 

I was on that peek, where one sees the past..!!!

 

Many times i felt worth and vulnus

 

in my unfamiliar innocence.

 

 

i was drenched in the flow of time

 

and i felt it...the pure bliss!!

 

but this chaos , cringed my thoughts

 

the unfulfilled dreams...

 

money...

 

desire...

 

the all was my fate...or i made it for myself!!!

 

But whatever the whole meant

 

does that meant i am awaked or its just an other curious dream!!

 

i felt someone is whispering

 

did you hear that sound....!!

 

or its just me asking myself

 

was that me???

life a lap or the loop??

source: http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150242791449906

______________________________________________________________________________________________

so many peoples around,

i feel intimated.

so many losers around,

i feel lost.

so many beauty around,

i feel deprived.

so many dreams around,

and i am waiting for an inception.

it seems like life is running from me,

or i am running towards life

or we both are running towards each other.

whatever it may be??

life is demanding or my demands are whispering in my life..i am really facing a dilemma

i am waiting for a miracle or the miracle is just my mirage,

is i am real or the matrix is making me virtual,

whatever it may be??

so may thorns around

i feel hurtled.

so many opportunities around

i feel suffocated.

so many wonders around

i feel blessed.

life is claiming me or claims are made to be claimed

life is ignoring me or i am just consoling me i am busy..

whatever it may be??

life reminds me as if i am racing

where breathe is my curse....

slopes are my greets,

ah!!am not made to run..i am not a racer.

i was just choosed to be a part.

is am so worth to be as i am one from the chorus singers...

whatever it may be??

i have questioned may times..

about my existence

why i am here..??

it seems life is like a puff of smoke,

no one knows from where it came and where will it go...

but thats the life and we are just the characters

we know our part,we know our duty...

and we play to win the part...

without questioning whats our role...

and just a thing in our mind we are enjoying life..WHATEVER IT MAY BE??

.....deepak

Love At First Site - THE END!!

Being covered among the so called weighted words and the damn quotes really impress everyone and that too me.

whenever i hear a quote , i always think not what it means but How the thing came to that person's mind and not mine..really he must be lucky else my name would be among some golden books.

Well why am i discussing what you don't want to , the reason is my recent accident with a kinda interesting statement, calling it just a phrase may be its insult so using some prefixes the most amazing , magical , popular , blushing that was for girls >> statement "Love At First Sight"...huh..total KUDOS..!!

I dont know what the statement means to some of you so better write a DISCLAIMER for that, i really dont wanna take a risk:

DISCLAIMER:

THE BELOW ARTICLE CAN ERASE THE WORD LOVE FROM YOUR DICTIONARY OF HEART SO THE ONE FOR WHICH IT IS VERY IMPORTANT DON'T READ IT BELOW.

HOW DIPLOMATIC-AS IF AM REALLY WORRIED OF>>>

well i was just asking my friend wat the kinda thing this LOve is and what actually this phrase "love at first sight" means..and what he told me was

""When you see a beautiful girl ,your blood pressure increases, your heart starts pounding faster and people call it love at first sight""

and i was thinking to register the definition in the Wikipedia...<really freaky=""></really>

But it is really a crap part love is something like a substitute of bla bla bla...totally vain stuff.

Is love is what we see in the reel life or what is shown to us in movies, always a happy ending

(am specially talking about bollywood...for more clarrification see a RAJSHREE PRODUCTIONS MOVIE)

or its to clone us , control us and to create a fantasy world amoung our mind. Love has gained a position like a new born milestone among the youngsters, asking one of my juniors in his first year what are your goals for the next four years , i got a really surprising answer...and we will come to that...ah lets come to that:

And the answer was "bla bla bla........and the most important i will make girlfriend this year and consistently make another three in next three years respectively", well with the point of engineering and considering it the answer of an engineer not really bad as the answer was full of hope (at least).

But really it is something like love is just a part of pride and not bad too ,saying a boy having a girlfriend has more value in his college than the one who tops it.

((am serious))

And recently i came acrossed a variedness in the subject ((here the subject is love)) , someone told me about the types of love and then it was somehow interesting for me ((even now i can draw a graph or a tree or a heirarichal structure of it ))

and the so called types was: conditional love , unconditional love , temporary love , permanent love , one-day love, day-night love ,fortnight love and one really

interesting was the last one SEMESTER LOVE ((no one here is talking about studies, if you get that in mind while reading...better close the article))

Love is now a days the booming topic for the stand up comedians not because its funny ((don't exclaim!!)) , but it is a universal accepted truth.

Well i think its better now i stop exposing the most glittering topic ((ya ya LOVE)) of the writers, novelists and poets not because i am afraid of someone or the feeling that someone will get hurt-ed really bothers me but its 11 and my cell is just waiting for a ring actually its time for the call of my girlfriend and today we

are going to have a brief discussion on the most lovable gift of god i.e. LOVE.

 

((situation matters buddy))

:----  Deepak

Vote for me now!

The CURIOUS Case Of RAHUL GANDHI - Nitin Gupta(Rivaldo)

YOU MAY ALSO LIKE :

I Lost my First Love.........read more

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Got this article from a blog was quite surprised how i got so late reading this great article by Nitin Gupta(Rivaldo), of whom i am a big fan from my  early days.It is really excellent and so thought to share it with you too..

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

 

DISCLAIMER: I DON'T ENDORSE ANY POLITICAL PARTY.

NOR DO I ENDORSE ANY OF WHAT MAYAWATI IS DOING.

I WAS JUST TAKEN ABACK BY RAHUL GANDHI'S HYPOCRITICAL COMMENT AT THE RECENT FARMER AGITATION IN UTTAR PRADESH.

Rahul Gandhi: "I feel ashamed to call myself an INDIAN after seeing what has happened here in UP".
PLEASE DON'T BE ASHAMED OF U.P. YET

Please don't be ashamed of Uttar Pradesh yet. Congress ruled the State for the Majority of the duration Pre Independence to Post Independence.. from 1939 to 1989 ( barring the Periods of Emergency.. Thanks to your Grand Mom Indira G. and a couple of transitional Governments)

8 out of the total 14 Prime Ministers of India have been from UP, 6 out of those 8 have been from Congress...

I think your party had more than half a century and half a Dozen PM's to build a State...

The Reason Mulayam Singh, subsequently came to Power is because your party wasn't exactly Gandhian in their dealings in the State.. So May be If you look at in totality the present chaos in UP is the outcome of the glorious leadership displayed by Congress in UP for about 50 years!

So Please don't feel ashamed as yet Dear Rahul.. For Mayawati is only using the Land Acquisition Bill which your party had itself used to LOOT the Farmers many times in the Past!

WHY DIDN'T YOUR PARTY CHANGE THE BILL WHEN IT WAS IN POWER FOR SO LONG?

Not that I Endorse what Mayawati is doing.. What Mayawati is doing is Unacceptable..

But the past actions of your party and your recent comments, puts a question mark on your INTENT and CONSISTENCY.

YOU REALLY WANT TO FEEL ASHAMED

But don't be disappointed, I would give you ample reasons to feel ashamed...

You really want to feel Ashamed..?

First Ask Pranav Mukherjee, Why isn't he giving the details of the account holders in the Swiss Banks.

Ask your Mother, Who is impeding the Investigation against Hasan Ali?

Ask her, Who got 60% Kickbacks in the 2G Scam ?

Kalamdi is accused of a Few hundred Crores, Who Pocketed the Rest in the Common Wealth Games?

Ask Praful Patel what he did to the Indian Airlines? Why did Air India let go of the Profitable Routes?

Ask Manmohan Singh. Why/What kept him quiet for so long?

Are Kalmadi and A Raja are Scapegoats to save Big Names like Harshad Mehta was in the 1992 Stock Market Scandal ?

Who let the BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY Accused go Scot Free? ( 20,000 People died in that Tragedy)

Who ordered the State Sponsored Massacre of SIKHS in 84?

Please read more about, How Indira Gandhi pushed the Nation Under Emergency in 76-77, after the HC declared her election to Lok Sabha Void!

(I bet she had utmost respect for DEMOCRACY and JUDICIARY and FREE PRESS)

I guess you know the answers already. So my question is, why the Double Standards in Judging Mayawati and members of your Family and Party?

I condemn Mayawati. But is she the only one you feel Ashamed for?

What about the ones close to you? For their contribution to the Nation's Misery is beyond comparison.

You talk about the Land being taken away from the Farmers. How many Suicides have happened under your Parties Rule in Vidarbha ? Does that not ashame you ?



THE 72,000 CRORE LOAN WAIVER

Your Party gave those Farmers a 72,000 Crore Loan Waiver. Which didn't even reach the Farmers by the way.

So, Why don't you focus on implementing the policies which your govt. has undertaken, instead of earning brownie points by trying to manufacture consent by bombarding us with pictures of having food with Poor Villagers....

You want to feel ashamed. You can feel ashamed for your Party taking CREDIT for DEBITING the Public Money (72,000 crores) from the Government Coffers and literally Wasting it...

You want to feel ashamed.. Feel ashamed for that...


WHY ONLY HIGHLIGHT THIS ARREST?

Dear Rahul, to refresh your memory, you were arrested/detained by the FBI the BOSTON Airport in September 2001.

You were carrrying with you $ 1,60,000 in Cash ( Similar to the Arrest of Rahet Fateh Ali Khan recently, because you han't decared that Amount) . US allowed $ 10,000 cash at Immigration.

9 HOURS he was kept at the Airport.

He was later freed on the intervention of the then Prime Minister Mr.Vajpayee.. FBI filed an equivalent of an FIR in US and released him.

When FBI was asked to divulge the information for the reasons Rahul was arrested by Right/Freedom to Information Activists... FBI asked for a NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATE from Rahul Gandhi.

So Subramaniyam Swami wrote a Letter to Rahul Gandhi, " If you have NOTHING to HIDE, Give us the Permission"

HE NEVER REPLIED!

Why did that arrest not make Headlines Rahul? You could have gone to the Media and told, "I am ashamed to call myself an INDIAN?".

Or is it that, you only do like to highlight Symbolic Arrests (like in UP) and not Actual Arrests ( In BOSTON)

Because it so happens RAHET FATEH ALI KHAN'S recent arrest was Splashed in the Media and Your arrest in 2001 hardly got a MENTION..

Kindly Clarify.....

In any case, you want to feel ashamed, Read Along...

YOUR MOTHER'S SO CALLED SACRIFICE OF GIVING UP PRIME MINISTER SHIP in 2004.

According to a Provision in the Citizenship Act.

A Foreign National who becomes a Citizen of India, is bounded by the same restrictions, which an Indian would face, If he/she were to become a Citizen of Italy.

(Condition based on principle of reciprocity)

[READ ANNEXURE- 1&2]

Now Since you can't become a PM in Italy, Unless you are born there.

Likewise an Italian Citizen can't become Indian PM, unless He/She is not born here!

Dr. SUBRAMANIYAM SWAMI (The Man who Exposed the 2G Scam) sent a letter to the PRESIDENT OF INDIA bringing the same to his Notice. [READ LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT IN ANNEXURE -3]

PRESIDENT OF INDIA sent a letter to Sonia Gandhi to this effect, the day she was about to get sworn in 2004.

Manmohan Singh was brought in the Picture at the last moment to Save Face!!

Rest of the SACRIFICE DRAMA which she choreographed was an EYE WASH!!!

So She didn't make any Sacrifice, It so happens that SONIA GANDHI couldn't have become the PM of INDIA that time.

You could be Ashamed about that Dear Rahul!!



THINK ABOUT YOURSELF.

You go to Harvard on Donation Quota. ( Hindujas Gave HARVARD 11 million dollars the same year, when Rajiv Gandhi was in Power)

Then you are expelled in 3 Months/ You Dropped out in 3 Months.... ( Sadly Manmohan Singh wasn't the Dean of Harvard that time, else you might have had a chance... Too Bad, there is only one Manmohan Singh!)

Some Accounts say, You had to Drop out because of Rajiv Ji's Assasination.

May be, But Then Why did you go about lying about being Masters in Economics from Harvard .. before finally taking it off your Resume upon questioning by Dr. SUBRAMANIYAM SWAMI (The Gentlemen who exposed the 2G Scam)

At St. Stephens.. You Fail the Hindi Exam.

Hindi Exam!!!

And you are representing the Biggest Hindi Speaking State of the Country?



SONIA GANDHI's EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

Sonia G gave a sworn affidavit as a Candidate that She Studied English at University of Cambridge

[SEE ANNEXURE-6, 7_37a]

According to Cambridge University, there is no such Student EVER! [ SEE ANNEXURE -7_39]

Upon a Case by Dr. Subramaniyam Swami filed against her,

She subsequently dropped the CAMBRIDGE CREDENTIAL from her Affidavit.

Sonia Gandhi didn't even pass High School.

In this sense, She shares a common Educational Background with Karunanidhi

You Fake your Educational Degree, Your Mother Fakes her Educational Degree.

And then you go out saying, " We want Educated Youth into Politics!"

Letters sent by Dr. Swami to EC and then Speaker of Lok Sabha are in ANNEXURE 7_36 &7_35 RESPECTIVELY

Contrast that with Gandhi Ji , who went to South Africa, Became a Barrister, on Merit, Left all that to work for South Africa, then for the Country....

WHY LIE ABOUT EDUCATIONAL CREDENTIALS?

Not that Education is a Prerequisite for being a great Leader, but then you shouldn't have lied about your qualifications!

You could feel a little ashamed about Lying about your Educational Qualifications. You had your reasons I know, because in India, WE RESPECT EDUCATION!

But who cares about Education, when you are a Youth Icon!!



YOUTH ICON

You traveled in the Local Train for the first time at the Age of 38.

You went to some Villages as a part of Election Campaign.

And you won a Youth Icon!! ... That's why You are my Youth Icon.

For 25 Million People travel by train every day. You are the First Person to win a Youth Icon for boarding a Train.

Thousands of Postmen go to remotest of Villages. None of them have yet gotten a Youth Icon.

You were neither Young Nor Iconic.

Still you became a Youth Icon beating Iconic and Younger Contenders like RAHUL DRAVID.

Shakespeare said, what’s in a Name?

Little did he knew, it’s all in the Name, Especially the Surname!

Speaking of Surname..



DO YOU REALLY RESPECT GANDHI, OR IS IT JUST TO CASH IN ON THE GOODWILL OF MAHATMA?

Because the Name on your Passport is RAUL VINCI.

Not RAHUL GANDHI..

May be if you wrote your Surname as Gandhi, you would have experienced, what Gandhi feels like, LITERALLY ( Pun Intended)

But you don't seem to use Gandhi except when you are fighting Elections. (There it makes complete sense).

Imagine fighting by the Name Raul Vinci...Even Leonardo Da Vinci couldn't win an Election in India with that Name!!

It feels sadly Ironic, Gandhi Ji, who inspired Icons like Nelson Mandela ,Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lennon, across the world, Couldn't inspire members of his party/ Nehru's Family, who only seem to use his Surname for the purposes of FIGHTING ELECTIONS and conveniently use a different name on their PASSPORT.

You could feel ashamed for your Double Standards.



YOUTH INTO POLITICS.

Now you want Youth to Join Politics.

I say First you Join Politics.

Because you haven't joined politics. You have joined a Family Business.

First you join Politics. Win an Election fighting as RAUL VINCI and Not Rahul Gandhi, then come and ask the youth and the Educated Brass for more involvement in Politics.

Also till then, Please don't give me examples of Sachin Pilot and Milind Deora and Naveen Jindal as youth who have joined Politics..

They are not Politicians. They just happen to be Politicians.

Much Like Abhishek Bachchan and other Star Sons are not Actors. They just happen to be Actors (For Obvious Reasons)

So, We would appreciate if you stop requesting the Youth to Join Politics till you establish your credentials...



WHY WE CAN'T JOIN POLITICS!

Rahul Baba, Please understand, Your Father had a lot of money in your Family account (in Swiss Bank) when he died.

Ordinary Youth has to WORK FOR A LIVING.

YOUR FAMILY just needs to NETWORK FOR A LIVING

If our Father had left thousands of Crores with us, We might consider doing the same..

But we have to Work. Not just for ourselves. But also for you. So that we can pay 30% of our Income to the Govt. which can then be channelized to the Swiss Banks and your Personal Accounts under some Pseudo Names.

So Rahul, Please don't mind If the Youth doesn't Join Politics. We are doing our best to fund your Election Campaigns and your Chopper Trips to the Villages.

Somebody has to Earn the Money that Politicians Feed On.


INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

You want to feel ashamed..

Feel Ashamed for what the First Family of Politics has been reduced to...

A Money Laundering Enterprise.

If MONEY is all the Motivation there is, You can Feel Ashamed for Sonia G's 'POVERTY of AMBITION'

You really want to feel Ashamed.

Feel Ashamed for what you ' SO CALLED GANDHI'S' have done to Mahatma's Legacy..

Meanwhile, I would request Sonia Gandhi to change her name to $ONIA GANDHI, and you could replace the 'R' in RAHUL/RAUL by the New Rupee Symbol!!!



RAUL VINCI: I am ashamed to call myself an Indian.

Even we are ashamed to call you so!


P.S: Popular Media is either bought or blackmailed, controlled to Manufacture Consent!

My Guess is Social Media is still a Democratic Platform.

Let's ask these questions, for we deserve some Answers.

For we are all Gandhi's. For he is the Father of the Nation.

To know more, try looking for Dr. SUBRAMANIYAM SWAMI. He is the reason today 2G SCAM is being Investigated!!!


YOURS SINCERELY

NITIN GUPTA (RIVALDO)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Article Source: http://lifeasiknowit-nik.blogspot.com/2011/05/curious-case-of-rahul-gandhi-nitin.html

How to stop peoples tagging you on facebook??

Are you really fed up with the tagging trend going on now a days on facebook??  Don't worry you can have a permanent solution for that:

1. Go to your facebook account

2. Accounts > privacy settings >custom

3. There click on customize settings. you will get a window showing "Things Other Share"

4.There  click on edit settings in “Photos and videos I’m tagged in” tab.

5. Then in ‘Who can see photos and videos I’m tagged in’ choose customize and that will take you to the screen where you get two options “Make this visible to” and “Hide this from”.

6.In “Make this visible to” choose only me and click on save settings.

That's it !!!!

How to fix Facebook error Account Temporarily Unavailable?

Many times we see a facebook error while we try to acess our facebook account saying

Account Temporarily Unavailable

Your account is currently unavailable due to a site issue. We expect this to be resolved shortly. Please try again in a few minutes.

Watch this video till the end to resolve or fix the issue permanently.

Or click here to directly watch video on youtube:

How to fix facebook error temporarily unavailable?

Many times we see a facebook error while we try to acess our facebook account saying

Account Temporarily Unavailable

Your account is currently unavailable due to a site issue. We expect this to be resolved shortly. Please try again in a few minutes.

Here the main culprit is cookies, and the problem can be fixed by deleting the cookies in your browser.

How to clear cookies on Crome?

■ Go to three dots on right side on top of browser

■ settings > privacy > clear beowsing data

How to clear Cookies on Firefox??

Go to Tools > Options > Privacy then click the link remove all cookies.

How to clear Cookies on Internet Explore??

Go to Tools > Internet Options > General Tab then in the browsing history click the delete button check cookies and click the delete button.

It will solve your problem and next time you will get your original account without an error message.

For facebook app

■ go to mobile settings

■ settings > apps > facebook > storage

■ click on clear cache

That’s it. This should resolve your problem.

Workaround if it still happens:

■ Go to facebook.com/home instead of facebook.com

■ Second option is to Use facebook business creator studio. Go to business.facebook.com/creatorstudio and there use it to post updates.

■ For a permanent fix, change the page role in your facebook page as admin via second step.

Recent update:

If issue still exists! click here to watch solution part 2 with updated trick to permanently resolve this issue.

How to fix Facebook error Account Temporarily Unavailable?

You may also like to read:


________________________________________________________________________________________________

Many times we see a facebook error while we try to acess our facebook account saying

Account Temporarily Unavailable

Your account is currently unavailable due to a site issue. We expect this to be resolved shortly. Please try again in a few minutes.



the problem can be fixed by deleting the cookies in your browser.

How to clear Cookies on Firefox??

Go to Tools > Options > Privacy then click the link  remove all cookies.

How to clear Cookies on Internet Explore??

Go to Tools > Internet Options > General Tab then in the browsing history click the delete button check cookies and click the delete button.

It will solve your problem and next time you will get your original account without an error message.

__________________________________________

 

Problem still exists: Click Here to get more help.

 

Note: Just for EWD welfare , kindly fill a survey when u click on the link above , then download the file and use it.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

First tweet by Google

Guys you all must be on twitter but do you know What was the first tweet by google,Ya so here it is, little amazing.

Try to decode this before checking the correct answer:

I'm 01100110 01100101 01100101 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01101100 01110101 01100011 01101011 01111001 00001010

 



 

well the answer is ""i' m feeling lucky""

You can easily decode it through a binary to text converter...really Google rocks.

How to transfer data through a adhoc network

Many times we come across the situation when we don't have a pen drive or any data traveler device to transfer the data between the two computers.

Then we have only an option of bluetooth ,but as data speed is very slow we can try try for an other option through wireless network.

We can get a  data transfer speed of 600 kb/s to 1 mb/s through an adhoc i.e. computer to computer network.

The following are some simple steps how can we do that:

1.Create a adhoc network and let other computer to connect through it.

2.Now give the ips to both the computers,remember to give same class ips to both the computers.

3.Then go to run and type \\ip of other computer , then press enter.

4.Enter the username and password if enabled on that computer.

5.You will get an window open with the files shared on that client computer,now You can easily share the data by just making it

shared.

Write us if you get any problem during the same and don't forget to share it.Enjoy!!!

Bash (Unix Shell)

There are many tools in linux for command executions and one of them is called the "shell programming".

The most common Linux shell is named "Bash" is the default shell on linux. The name comes from "Bourne Again SHell" ,written by Brian Fox.

As it is the default shell of linux so people prefer using it than any other shells as it makes them to use it worldwide as it now becomes machine independent and operating system independent.

There are two ways to use the shell: interactively and by writing shell scripts( known as shell scripting ).

* In the interactive mode, the user types a single command or a short string of commands and the result is printed out on the screen.

*In shell scripting, the user types anything from a few commands  to an entire program( collection of programs) into a text editor, then executes the resulting text file as a shell script.